Menu reference list

The menu, shown on the left, contains a complete list of buttons and commands, which are grouped into sections. Each section can contain two types of items, in this order:

Mathematical symbols, usually with little placeholder boxes.
Plain words: These are mathematical functions or programming commands, which usually require parameters. For example, think of sin(angle) or rank(matrix).

Below are brief descriptions of the Menu sections. Note that some buttons are repeated if they belong to more than one category.

Symbols

Here you'll find the standard mathematical symbols.

Note

These buttons are for the nice-looking versions of the symbols. Sometimes you can write directly with the keyboard; it won't be charming, but it will work. For example, you can use the keyboard slash / for fractions. You can use the keyboard parentheses (), but the parentheses from buttons are better because they expand with the content.

Constants

Constants
	Number pi. The ratio of a circumference to its diameter. $π \approx 3.1416$
	Number e. $f = e^{x}$ is the only function such that $f' = f$ and $f (0) = 1$ . $e \approx 2.7183$
	Imaginary unit. A number defined to satisfy $i \cdot i = - 1$ .
	Imaginary unit. A number defined to satisfy $j \cdot j = - 1$ .
	Infinity. Use it to calculate limits.

You must use the buttons for e and i. Keyboard e and i are just variables; they aren't the standard constants.

The four basic operations

Basic operations
	Addition
	Subtraction
	Multiplication
	Division

You can use multiple symbols for multiplication: * asterisk, · middle dot, the one in the menu, and also space. That's it; a space between variables or numbers is an implicit multiplication. The * asterisk is automatically converted to a nicer middle dot ·. About division, apart from the symbol in the menu, you can also use / slash and, of course, the fraction symbol.

Brackets

Brackets
	Parentheses. Use them to control the order of the operations.
	Vector. See Linear algebra section.
	List. Some results or parameters are given or requested in this form.
	Absolute value. Removes the sign from a number.
	Norm. Length of a vector.

Do not use curly or square brackets as parentheses. Use only proper parentheses.

Expression	Result
$2\cdot\left\{3+4\cdot\left[5+6\cdot\left(7+x\right)\right]\right\}$	Error
$2\cdot\left(3+4\cdot\left(5+6\cdot\left(7+x\right)\right)\right)$	OK

Bidimensional symbols

Bidimensional symbols
$fraction.png$	Fraction
	Square root
	Root
	Power
	Element of list. Use it also for a vector, a matrix, an equation, etc.

Inequality symbols

Inequality symbols
	Greater-than sign
	Less-than sign
	Greater than or equal to
	Less than or equal to
	Not equal to

Other symbols

Decimal separator

The dot (.) is for the decimal point, the comma (,) is for lists, and the apostrophe ('' ' '') is for derivation. The decimal point is the dot, but the others don't have that function. There is no digit grouping symbol, nor are there spaces. Spaces mean implicit multiplication. The head decimal point is not allowed; use the leading zero in those cases. The trailing decimal point is allowed.

Expression	Result	Expression	Result
''3.1416''	OK	''.12''	Error
''3,1416''	Error	''0.12''	OK
''3'1416''	Error	''12.0''	OK
''1 234 567''	Error	''12.''	OK

You can convert an exact expression to approximate by making a simple operation with a decimal number, like multiplying by 1.0.

Plus Minus

Sometimes we are interested in the result of an expression when we add and subtract the same amount, as when we want to compute the roots of a degree two polynomial. The $\pm$ symbol allows us such and more things.

If, for instance, we want to compute $3 \pm 2$ , we expect ${5, 1}$

We can also use it as a unary operator: $\pm 2 = {2, - 2}$

Every possible sign will be computed when we use the $\pm$ symbol. Therefore, if we write $n$ $\pm$ symbols, we will get a list of $2^{n}$ elements. Some of them may be repeated since it is a list, not a set (for instance, $\pm 0 = {0, 0}$ ).

We can use the $\pm$ symbol in all the basic operations (plus, minus, product, division, root, power) and some elementary functions (exponential, logarithm, trigonometric and hyperbolic functions and their inverses).

Examples



























$fraction.png$
$symbols.fraction.calc.png$	$symbols.fraction.p.calc.png$

Arithmetic

Here you'll find commands concerning integers and the rounding of decimals. You'll also find some divisibility commands, which are shared with Polynomials.

Tip

You can find all the available commands related to arithmetics here.

Integers and rounding

Also, see the Document settings section to see how many decimal places are shown.

Integers and rounding
	Absolute value. You can write `\|` (pipe) with the keyboard, too.
	Floor. Round down to the next smaller integer.
	Ceiling. Round up to the next greater integer.
	Round to nearest integer, and for tie-breaking round half up.
	The sign for a number. It can be -1, 0 or 1.
	The greater of two numbers, or a list.
	The smaller of two numbers, or a list.
	Generate a pseudo-random number between the two given ones (including both). Also, choose randomly from a list.

Divisibility

Divisibility
	The numerator of a fraction.
	The denominator of a fraction.
	The quotient of the integer division of the first number (dividend) by the second (divisor).
	The remainder of the integer division of the first number (dividend) by the second (divisor); also called `modulus` in many textbooks.
	Greatest common divisor.
	Least common multiple.
	Prime factorization of an integer.
	Tests to determine whether a number is prime. This is a predicate: a command that returns only `true` or `false`.

Examples

Polynomials

Polynomials are simpler types of functions. However, they're so important that they have their own naming system. Because you can divide polynomials, they share divisibility commands with the Arithmetic section. Here you'll also find commands for complex numbers. Complex numbers were invented as a way to solve all the polynomials.

Tip

You can find all the available commands related to polynomials here.

Polynomials

Polynomials
	The degree of a polynomial
	How many terms does a polynomial has.
	This is one term from a polynomial. The term number is the second parameter. The terms are ordered by descending grades. Therefore, term number 1 is always the leading term.
	The content of a polynomial. That is, gcd of their coefficients.
	Rearrange a polynomial with multiple variables arranged around the variable in the second parameter.
	Finds the roots of a polynomial or, in other words, the values of x that make it 0.

The command roots(p) does the same as solve(p=0) or apply the Calc action to p=0, but the results are shown in different forms. See the example.
You can also find roots in the Complex field if you use as a second parameter the C from the Logic and sets section. See the example.

Divisibility

Divisibility
	The numerator of a rational fraction
	The denominator of a rational fraction
	The quotient of the division of the first polynomial (dividend) by the second (divisor)
	The remainder of the division of the first polynomial (dividend) by the second (divisor)
	The greatest common divisor
	The least common multiple
	Factorization in irreducible polynomials
	This tests whether a polynomial is irreducible. This is a predicate: a command that returns only `true` or `false`.

Complex numbers

Complex numbers
	Imaginary unit
	The real part of a complex number.
	The imaginary part of a complex number, which is a real number.
	The modulus of a complex number.
	The argument of a complex number, in the range (-π,+π].
	This converts a complex number from binomial form to polar form and the other way around(!). The polar form is a list formatted as {norm, argument}.
	This is the conjugate of a complex number. Shift the sign of the imaginary part.

Examples





























Complex numbers

Statistics

Tip

You can find all the available commands related to statistics here.

Sets of data

Data sets must be entered as a comma-separated list, being enclosed by curly brackets {}.

Sets of data
	List

Single set

These commands summarize a set of data. Somehow, they're able to measure its centre or its variability. Because there are multiple definitions for that, there are also multiple measures.

Description of a single sample
	Mean, arithmetic mean, average.
	This is used to summarize measures with different units (length, cost, weight,...) of the same object. It has no sense alone, but it is helpful for comparisons among multiple objects.
	This is used for ratios and rates, as in the context of speed.
	A measure of variability that is convenient for calculations
	A measure of variability that has the same physical units of the data
	A central measure, alternative to mean, is more robust, meaning it isn't affected by extreme data, generally known as outliers.
	These values divide the data once ordered into four groups of the same size. They're used to measure variability. See the formula reference section for details.
	Most frequent value in data. It can be a set if there are ties.

Two sets

These commands measure the relationship between data pairs.

The data set must be entered as a list of pairs. The list must be enclosed by curly brackets {}. The couples must be surrounded by regular parentheses (). Additionally, you can plot these paired data sets.

Relationship between two sets of paired data
	This is the base for the correlation coefficient. It has the same sign.
	Pearson correlation coefficient. It determines whether there is a linear relationship between the paired data.
	It gives the line equation that better fits the cloud of data. It finds the best $y=a+bx$ .
	It fits the data to a power function. It finds the best $y=ax^b$ .
	It fits the data to an exponential function. It finds the best $y=a\mathrm e^{bx}$ .
	It fits the data to a logarithmic function. It finds the best $y=a+\ln(bx)$ .

Formula reference

Formula reference
	$\frac1n\sum_iX_i$
	$\sqrt[n]{\prod_iX_i}$
	$\frac n{\displaystyle\sum_i\frac1{X_i}}$
	$\frac1{n-1}\sum_i(X_i-\text{mean}(X))^2$
	$\sqrt{\text{variance}(X)}$
	$\{\begin{array}{lc} X_{k} & n = 2 k - 1 \\ \frac{X_{k} + X_{k + 1}}{2} & n = 2 k \end{array}$
	$\begin{array}{l} quartile (0, X) = X_{1} \\ quartile (1, X) = \{\begin{array}{lc} median (\{X_{1}, \dots, X_{k}\}) & n = 2 k - 1 \\ median (\{X_{1}, \dots, X_{k}\}) & n = 2 k \end{array} \\ quartile (2, X) = median (X) \\ quartile (3, X) = \{\begin{array}{lc} median (\{X_{k}, \dots, X_{n}\}) & n = 2 k - 1 \\ median (\{X_{k + 1}, \dots, X_{n}\}) & n = 2 k \end{array} \\ quartile (4, X) = X_{n} \end{array}$
	$\frac1{n-1}\sum_i(X_i-\text{mean}(X))(Y_i-\text{mean}(Y))$
	$\frac{covariance(X,Y)}{standard\_deviation(X)\cdot standard\_deviation(Y)}$
	$\frac{y-mean(Y)}{standard\_deviation(Y)}=correlation(XY)\frac{x-mean(X)}{standard\_deviation(X)}$

Probability distributions

It is also possible to use the most common probability distributions. Currently, the following ones are available.

Probability distributions
	All intervals of the same length on the distribution's support are equally probable in the uniform distribution.
	The normal distribution is determined by its mean $\mu$ and standard deviation $\sigma$ . It is widely used in natural science, among other fields.
	The exponential distribution is the probability distribution that describes the time between events in a Poisson point process, i.e., a process in which events occur continuously and independently at a constant average rate.
	The $\chi^2$ distribution with $k$ degrees of freedom is the distribution of a sum of the squares of $k$ independent standard normal random variables.
	Student's $t$ -distribution arises when estimating the mean of a normally distributed population in situations where the sample size is small, and population standard deviation is unknown.
	The Bernoulli distribution is the probability distribution of a random variable which takes the value $1$ with probability $p$ and the value 0 with probability $q=1-p$ .
	The binomial distribution with parameters $n$ and $p$ is the discrete probability distribution of the number of successes in a sequence of $n$ independent experiments, each asking a yes-no question, i.e. each ruled by the same Bernoulli distribution.
	The geometric distribution with parameter $p$ is the discrete probability distribution of the number of failures before the first success. A Bernoulli variable rules each try with the parameter $p$ .
	The Poisson distribution is a discrete probability distribution that expresses the probability of a given number of events occurring in a fixed interval of time or space if these events occur with a known constant rate and independently of the time since the last event.
	The $F$ -distribution is a continuous probability distribution that frequently arises as to the null distribution of a test statistic, most notably in the analysis of variance (ANOVA), e.g., $F$ -test.

Moreover, we can get a random number following such distributions, obtain its distribution and density function and find the quantile of given probability.

Probability functions
	It retrieves a random number following a given distribution.
	Distribution function of a random variable at a given point. In some cases, the analytical expression is given. $distribution(X,x)=F_X(x)=P(X\leq x)=\int_{-\infty}^x{f_X(t)\;}dt$ , cumulative distribution function (CDF)
	Density function of a random variable at a given point. In some cases, the analytical expression is given. $density(X,x)=f_X(x)=\frac d{dx}F_X(x)$ , probability density function (PDF).
	Quantile function of a random variable for a given probability. $q u a n t i l e (X, p) = x ⟺ d i s t r i b u t i o n (X, x) = p$ , inverse function of CDF.

Statistical data representation

Statistical data representation
	Histograms are often used to represent continuous data visually.
	As opposed to histograms, bar charts are helpful for displaying discrete data, as well as categorical data.
	Pie charts are another standard tool for categorical data when we want to show the proportion that each category occupies out of the whole.
	Boxplots are very useful for a concise representation of a data set. In one boxplot, we see the median, the interquartile range (IQR), as well as outliers.

Examples

Functions

The most common functions are the polynomial and rational ones, both of which are called algebraic functions. They're covered in the Polynomials section. This section is about other groups of so-called transcendental functions. Their exact values can't be calculated with basic arithmetic alone. You can calculate approximations, but it's impractical to do so by hand. It's better to use an electronic calculator or a table or book of values as was done in the old days.

Tip

You can find all the available commands related to the available functions here.

Trigonometric functions

Trigonometric functions started in the basic geometry of triangles, but now they comprise a complex field that's a central subject of calculus. Trigonometric functions have two modes of work: in degrees and in radians. See the Document settings section.

Trigonometric functions
	Number pi This is useful when working with radians. $\mathrm\pi\approx3.1416$
	Angle degree
Direct
	Sine, related to the side opposite the angle
	Cosine, related to the side adjacent to the angle
	Tangent, sin/cos
Reciprocal
	Cosecant, 1/sin
	Secant, 1/cos
	Cotangent, 1/tan
Inverse
	This is one of the many angles whose sine is the given number. It's the one in [-π/2,π/2].
	This is one of the many angles whose cosine is the given number. It's the one in [0,π].
	This is one of the many angles whose tangent is the given number. It's the one in (-π/2,π/2).

You can use the Simplify action to force non-trivial simplifications over trigonometric expressions. Moreover, the Verify action can test for trigonometric identities.

Logarithms and exponentials

Exponential and logarithmic functions are essential in calculus. The logarithm is used for physical measures, such as the units pH in chemistry and dB in acoustic physics.

Logarithms and exponential
	Number e This is the basis of the Napierian logarithm. $e\approx2.7183$
	Logarithm with base
	Exponential, `e` powered to the given number.
	Natural or Napierian logarithm
	Logarithm

You must enter e with the button. You can't simply type e with the keyboard because then it's just a variable called e but not the number. The logarithm base can be set as a subindex of the function log(). If no base is set, just log() means the decimal logarithm or, in other words, the base 10 logarithm. Also, ln() means the natural logarithm, which is the base e logarithm.

You can use the Simplify action to force non-trivial simplifications over logarithmic and exponential expressions. Also, the Verify action can test for identities.

Hyperbolic functions

Hyperbolic functions
	$\sinh(x)=\frac{e^x-e^{-x}}2$
	$\cosh(x)=\frac{e^x+e^{-x}}2$
	$\tanh(x)=\frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)}$

Examples



Trigonometric functions







Trigonometric reciprocal functions







Trigonometric inverse functions







Logarithmic and exponential functions







Hyperbolic functions

Calculus

Tip

You can find all the available commands related to calculus here.

Here you'll find lots of buttons and commands that are relevant to calculus, functions and successions.

Calculus actions
	Derive
	Integrate

A derivation or integration will use the first alphabetical variable by default. You can change that by configuring these actions, clicking on the action icon in the line.

Calculus buttons
	Derivative You can also use the apostrophe (') from the keyboard.
	An integral with differential.
	A definite integral with differential. Be aware that the sign of the function matters. The definite integral isn't always the area.
	Limit You can use `infinity` here.
	Limit right.
	Limit left.
	To infinity . . . and beyond!.
	Piece-wise function.
	Function application.
	Expression with a restricted domain.
	Summation with under-and-over scripts.
	Summation with under scripts.
	The product with under-and-over scripts.
	The product with under scripts.

Function application must be used only when the function is not yet defined (such as in ODEs). Do not use it to define or to use a function. Instead, use simple parentheses. See the example below.

Calculus commands
	Domain of a function.
	Taylor's polynomial.
Ordinary Differential Equations
	This fills the plane with vectors defined by a function. Use it to visualize gradients, forces, derivatives in a phase plane, etc.
	This fills the plane with curves that follow the given vector field, i.e., curves as the solution to the ODE associated with a vector field. Use it to get an overview of the stability of the field.
	This draws a particular integral curve, which begins at a given point.

Examples

Linear algebra

Tip

You can find all the available commands related to linear algebra here.

Find here the operations of vectors and matrices. Vectors, which use brackets, are written horizontally. You can write them with the button of the men or directly with the keyboard.

Matrices are best written with the button of the menu. However, they can also be written with the keyboard as a vector of multiple same-dimension vectors, as in many programming languages. Once a matrix is created, you can still modify its layout. You can, for example, insert or remove columns and rows. There are buttons for that in the menu. Usually, they're disabled, but they become enabled when the cursor enters a matrix.

Vectors are automatically seen as matrices by some commands. You needn't be concerned about the conversion. The usual operations are aware of vectors and matrices. For example, the common product symbol means different things when used between a scalar and a vector, two vectors, a vector and a matrix, or two matrices.

Linear algebra
Makers
	Vector
	Matrix
	Determinant
Buttons for vectors
	Scalar product, dot product
	Vector product, cross product
	Norm
	Element of vector
Buttons about matrices
	Determinant
	Inverse
	Transpose
	Identity matrix
	Element of matrix
Commands
	Dimension of a vector
	Dimensions of a matrix; first files, then rows
	Rank of a matrix; max number of linearly independent rows or columns
	A matrix whose rows are a base of the kernel
	A matrix whose rows are a base of the image
	A list of eigenvalues, repeated as many times as their multiplicity
	A matrix whose rows are eigenvectors, ordered matching the `eigenvalues` result list
	The Jordan normal form of the matrix, if it exists. It gives the lower triangular form but not the upper.
	Angle between two vectors.

For the kernel(), image() and eigenvectors() commands, the result is a matrix whose columns are the vectors that form a base. Note that, because there are always many bases, there are many other correct results. You can get a particular vector from the result R using R^T₁, R^T₂, R^T₃,...

Matrix layout modifiers
	Insert column at left
	Insert column at right
	Remove column
	Insert row above
	Insert row below
	Remove row

Examples

Combinatorics

Tip

You can find all the available commands related to combinatorics here.

Here you'll find the elementary combinatorial functions. You can calculate their values. You can also apply these functions to a list and see the entire collection. Please be careful, though. The results can easily be too big.

Combinatorics
	Variations or k-permutations of n
	Permutations
	Combinations
	Variations with repetition or n-tuples of m-sets
	Permutations with repetition
	Combinations with repetition
	Binomial coefficient
	Factorial You can also write `!` with the keyboard.

Examples

Logic and sets

You can verify whether a statement is true or false. Use it to test identities, for example. There are logical (Boolean) operators which you can use to combine statements. You can make statements about sets. There are two types of them:

finite sets: a list of elements inside curly brackets, such as {1,2,3}.
standard number sets: represented by standard symbols, for example, R.

You can make operations with the finite sets but not with the others. You can also work with intervals and do operations with them.

Intervals
	The interval $(a,b)$ , that is all the numbers $x$ between $a$ and $b$ : $a < x < b$ .
	The interval $(a,b\rbrack$ , that is all the numbers $x$ between $a$ and $b$ including $b$ : $a < x \leq b$ .
	The interval $\lbrack a,b)$ , that is all the numbers $x$ between $a$ and $b$ including $a$ : $a \leq x < b$ .
	The interval $\lbrack a,b\rbrack$ , that is all the numbers $x$ between $a$ and $b$ including both $a$ and $b$ : $a\leq x\leq b$ .

The main operations you can perform are described below.

Logic and sets
Actions
	Verify
Buttons about logic
	Equal to
	Not equal to
	Less-than sign
	Greater-than sign
	Less than or equal to
	Greater than or equal to
	Logical and
	Logical or
Buttons about sets
	List
	Element of
	Contains as member
	Union
	Intersection
	Set minus
	Natural numbers
	Integer numbers
	Rational numbers
	Real numbers
	Complex numbers

Examples

Solve

Tip

You can find all the available commands related to equations, inequations and systems of equations and inequations here.

This section contains commands to find solutions to equations, inequalities and their corresponding systems. You can perform the Calc action over equations, inequalities and systems of them, and they'll be solved by default. Alternatively, you can use the solve command. The results are the same, but they have different forms.

There isn't a solution for every equation in real numbers. You can also use solve complex numbers. Not all equations have algorithms to find the answers. If the system can't see all the exact solutions, you can try numerical_solve to find one approximate solution. The command numerical_solve doesn't find all solutions. Instead, it finds one each time.

The Calc action first tries the complete solve internally, and if it fails, it uses numerical_solve. We can also store the equation's solutions in a set and then access each answer using the commands you can see in the last example below.

Note

Writing a system of equations is simple: separate each equation by commas; write them inside braces and separate them by commas; or put all of them inside braces, each one in a new line (Shift+Enter).

Solve
	Find all solutions: all values that satisfy the equation.
	Find one approximate value that satisfies the equation. An iterative method is used, and you can set the initial value.
	Solve inequalities and their corresponding systems.
	Evaluate the first parameter (expression) by replacing the second (variable) with the third (value) and performing the operations.

Examples

Greek

It's common to use Greek letters in formulas, and this section contains them all. See Greek alphabet for background information.

You can use Greek letters for the names of the variables. You could even use Chinese, Japanese or Russian letters, for example. You'd need an appropriate keyboard for that, or you could copy and paste the symbols from a web page, for example. See Unicode for background information.

Note

Do not use this π for 3.1416, use the one in the Symbols section. The π here is only text, so it has no value.

Lowercase		Uppercase
	Alpha		Capital alpha
	Beta		Capital beta
	Gamma		Capital gamma
	Delta		Capital delta
	Epsilon		Capital epsilon
	Zeta		Capital zeta
	Eta		Capital eta
	Theta		Capital theta
	Iota		Capital iota
	Kappa		Capital kappa
	Lambda		Capital lambda
	Mu		Capital mu
	Nu		Capital nu
	Xi		Capital xi
	Omicron		Capital omicron
	Pi		Capital pi
	Rho		Capital rho
	Final sigma		Capital sigma
	Sigma		Capital sigma
	Tau		Capital tau
	Upsilon		Capital upsilon
	Phi		Capital phi
	Chi		Capital chi
	Psi		Capital psi
	Omega		Capital omega

Examples

Greek

Units of measure

Tip

You can find all the available commands related to units of measurement here.

You can do calculations using units. We follow the metric system, also called the International System of Units or SI for short. Find out all the units and metric prefixes supported. See Metric system for background information.

You must write the units with the buttons of this section. You can't write them with the keyboard. An m from here is a meter, but an m from the keyboard is just a variable.
Usually, a space between symbols means product, but it implies a sum between quantities. If you want to multiply quantities, you must write the product symbol in between.

At the top of the section, there is a selector of the SI prefixes for the units below. The result of an operation between quantities has its unit selected automatically. You can force the unit of a quantity by using the Convert command. You can obtain a quantity by multiplying a number and a unit. Using those commands can split a quantity into its coefficient and unit.

Commands
	Convert the quantity in the first parameter to the unit of the second parameter. If there is no second parameter, it will be converted to the SI default unit.
	Coefficient of a quantity.
	Unit of a quantity.

Units

SI Prefixes
n	nano	0.000 000 001
µ	micro	0.000 001
m	mili	0.001
c	centi	0.01
d	deci	0.1
da	deca	10
h	hecto	100
k	kilo	1000
M	mega	1 000 000
G	giga	1 000 000 000
Units
		Meter
		Gram
		Second
		Ampere
		Kelvin
		Mol
		Candela
		Angle degree
		Angle minute
		Angle second
		Radian
		Steradiant
		Hour
		Minute
		Second
		Liter
		Newton
		Hertz
		Pascal
		Watt
		Joule
		Coulomb
		Volt
		Ohm
		Farad
		Siemens
		Weber
		Bar
		Henry
		Tesla
		Lux
		Lumen
		Gray
		Becquerel
		Sievert
		Katal
		Atmosphere
		Molar
		Dalton
		Electronvolt
		Pond
		Yard
		Foot
		Inch
		Mile
		Nautical mile
		Gallon
		Ounce
		Pound
		Fluid ounce
		Pint
		Percent
		Permil

Examples

Units of measure

Currencies

Besides units, we can use currencies and do basic arithmetic with them but it is not possible to convert one unit into another. We should use the currency symbol provided in the tab.

Currencies
	Dollar
	Euro
	Pound
	Franc
	Krone
	Bitcoin
	Ruble
	Rupee
	Won
	Yen

Example

Currencies

Graphs

Tip

You can find all the available commands related to graphics here.

The Sheet can have an area for plotters on the right. Plotters are containers for graphs of functions. They can be heavily configured. You can see that plotters have background, axis and grid. They also have centre and scale concerning the view. Each plotter has a name on top and a button to configure its properties. You can change the point of view in real time by dragging the mouse or rolling the mouse wheel over the plotter.

There are bigger versions of plotters, too. Click on the arrow at the bottom-left to see them. In the bigger version, there are sliders to change the point of view. Moreover, the bigger version of the 2-D plotter has a crosshair and shows, at the bottom right, the coordinates of the selected point. This is useful for obtaining information about the drawn functions.

You can put things in the plotter by using the Plot action over a formula. If there is no plotter in the sheet, a new one will be created. Otherwise, the graph object will be placed in an existing plotter. Graph objects can also be heavily configured. Each graph object has label, color and width, and maybe border, interior and transparency. These properties can be configured by clicking the Plot action icon located next to the formula. You can also move one graph object from one plotter to another through the configuration popup next to the Plot icon.

Furthermore, you can create several objects using top-bar actions or drawing by hand through handwritten geometry recognition. You can configure them like you had made it through the sheet. See Graph for background.

Graphs
Actions
	Plot
	Plot 3-D
Commands
	Place the boundaries as parameters, and you'll get a region object that's ready to plot.

2-D

You can plot in the Cartesian plane:

functions, of one variable
equations, of two variables, that are implicit functions
inequations, of two variables, that are regions
lists of them
regions, defined by command region()

Tip

You can also plot elements of ODEs, as explained in the Calculus section.

3-D

In the Cartesian space, you can plot:

functions, of two variables
linear equations, of three variables, which are planes
lists of them

Plotter settings

You can change some plotter settings by clicking on the settings button at the right corner of the plotter top bar. The options you can modify are the following.

Dimensions

Color

Horizontal

Vertical

All these settings can also be changed through the sheet. The attributes() command will allow you to see them and the notation you have to use to modify the default values.

Attributes 2D

Thus, you will be able to create plotters as the following defining their attributes by hand.

Example

Conversely, for 3D plotters, you will need to use the attributes3d() command to get the associated details.

Attributes 3D

Thus, you will be able to create plotters as the following defining their attributes by hand.

Example

Plot settings

It's also possible to change the settings of a particular plot by clicking on the object's graph. You will see a bar below it as the following.

Plot settings

The options you can modify (from left to right) are the following:

Fix label: choose whether or not the function's label is fixed.
Line width: define the line width.
Line style: define the line style (solid, dashes, dots or dots and dashes).
Line colour: define the line colour.
Delete: erase the plotted object.

Finally, you can also change the location of a particular plot by clicking on the graph icon next to the function which is being represented. A pop-up window as the following will appear on your screen.

Plot location

Note

From this moment on, it's possible to download the graphic plotter as a square image in PNG format of your desired size. Take advantage of this new CalcMe feature to save the generated images directly to your device.

Graph

An object in CalcMe is plotted in Graph; but Graph is much more than a simpler viewer, we can build segments, vectors, lines, and conic sections. Moreover, handwritten geometry recognition allows us to draw by hand, as we do on paper, and it will translate our drawings into mathematical objects.

Tip

To see more details, take a look at its dedicated page.

Example

Programming

Tip

You can find all the available commands related to programming methods here.

Here you'll find the usual commands for programming. These include conditional statements, loops, begin-end blocks, local variables and return.

Note

As you may use these commands to generate an algorithm for a WirisQuizzes question, we show how to create them through the sheet and using the code editor. You can see more details about it here.

Range notation

We can create a range of numbers using the syntax: start..end or start..end..step. It is also possible to couple ranges.

CalcMe sheet	CalcMe code editor

Concatenation

We can concatenate two strings, lists, or vectors. Moreover, we can add a column or a row to a matrix easily.

CalcMe sheet	CalcMe code editor

Conditional statements

Conditional statements
	`if` statement. If the condition is held, then performs the action inside the block.
	`else` statement. It should be preceded by an `if`. If the condition specified in the if statement is not held, then runs the commands inside the else's block.
	It should be preceded by an `if`. If the condition specified in the previous if statement is not held and the current condition is satisfied, then performs the action inside the block.

Loop statements

Loop statements
	`for` statement. Write quickly a loop that needs to be run a specific number of times.
	`while` statement repeats the code block until the condition is not satisfied. Be sure that the condition does not hold in some cases. Otherwise, the code will run infinitely.
	`repeat` statement. While the condition does not hold, duplicate the code block. Again, be sure that the condition is satisfied sometimes.

Begin, local and return

Begin, local and return
	This block is extremely useful when one defines its own functions. It allows performing different actions inside one block and defining local variables.
	`return` statement. Returns a value in a user function.
	Allows defining local variables: variables defined just in one code block.

Examples


CalcMe sheet	CalcMe code editor


CalcMe sheet	CalcMe code editor


CalcMe sheet	CalcMe code editor


CalcMe sheet	CalcMe code editor


CalcMe sheet	CalcMe code editor


CalcMe sheet	CalcMe code editor


CalcMe sheet	CalcMe code editor


CalcMe sheet	CalcMe code editor


CalcMe sheet	CalcMe code editor